The process of choosing a college major holds significant importance as it determines the trajectory of your academic journey and future career prospects. With a vast array of options available, it is crucial to explore a diverse compilation of the most popular college majors. This list presents 100 widely chosen majors across various fields, allowing you to explore a multitude of disciplines and discover the perfect fit that aligns with your passions and aspirations.
1. Accounting
2. Aerospace Engineering
3. Anthropology
4. Architecture
5. Art History
6. Biochemistry
7. Biology
8. Biomedical Engineering
9. Business Administration
10. Chemical Engineering
11. Chemistry
12. Civil Engineering
13. Communication Studies
14. Computer Engineering
15. Computer Science
16. Criminal Justice
17. Data Science
18. Economics
19. Electrical Engineering
20. English Literature
21. Environmental Science
22. Fashion Design
23. Film Studies
24. Finance
25. Graphic Design
26. Health Sciences
27. History
28. Hospitality Management
29. Human Resource Management
30. Information Systems
31. Information Technology
32. International Relations
33. Journalism
34. Marketing
35. Mathematics
36. Mechanical Engineering
37. Music
38. Neuroscience
39. Nursing
40. Nutrition and Dietetics
41. Philosophy
42. Physics
43. Political Science
44. Pre-law
45. Pre-medical Studies
46. Psychology
47. Public Health
48. Public Relations
49. Social Work
50. Sociology
51. Software Engineering
52. Sports Management
53. Statistics
54. Supply Chain Management
55. Sustainable Studies
56. Theater Arts
57. Urban Planning
58. Web Development
59. Wildlife Conservation
60. Aerospace Studies (Air Force ROTC)
61. Agricultural Business
62. American Studies
63. Animal Science
64. Archaeology
65. Art Education
66. Astronomy
67. Business Analytics
68. Chemical Physics
69. Classical Studies
70. Cognitive Science
71. Computer Animation
72. Creative Writing
73. Cybersecurity
74. Dance
75. Dental Hygiene
76. Digital Media
77. Early Childhood Education
78. Earth Sciences
79. East Asian Studies
80. Engineering Physics
81. Entrepreneurship
82. Environmental Engineering
83. Exercise Science
84. Fashion Merchandising
85. Film Production
86. Forensic Science
87. Game Design
88. Geography
89. Health Informatics
90. Industrial Design
91. Interior Design
92. International Business
93. Kinesiology
94. Landscape Architecture
95. Linguistics
96. Marine Biology
97. Materials Science and Engineering
98. Medical Laboratory Science
99. Microbiology
100. Public Administration
Starting on your college journey necessitates careful consideration when selecting a major, as it grants you the opportunity to immerse yourself in a subject that kindles your curiosity and resonates with your future goals. The compilation of these 100 popular college majors serves as a testament to the extensive range of academic pursuits. Each major represents a unique pathway towards knowledge acquisition, skill development, and promising career prospects. While popularity provides valuable insights into the relevance and demand of various fields, it remains essential to choose a major that harmonizes with your individual interests and strengths. By dedicating time to explore your passions, seek guidance from advisors, and conduct thorough research, you can make a well-informed decision that will shape your educational experience and pave the way for a rewarding future.
Please note that the popularity of college majors can vary across institutions and regions. This list is intended to provide a broad overview of commonly chosen majors.
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--iad-glass: rgba(245,249,255,.80);
opacity: 0; visibility: hidden; pointer-events: none;
transform: translateY(5px); transition: opacity .18s ease, transform .18s ease, visibility .18s ease;
}
#ivy-article-dock .iad-prev .iad-preview { left: 0; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-next .iad-preview { right: 0; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-link:hover .iad-preview,
#ivy-article-dock .iad-link:focus-visible .iad-preview {
opacity: 1; visibility: visible; transform: none;
}
#ivy-article-dock .iad-eyebrow { display: block; color: var(--iad-gold); font-size: 10px; letter-spacing: .06em; margin-bottom: 5px; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-title { display: -webkit-box; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; overflow: hidden; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 550; line-height: 1.4; overflow-wrap: anywhere; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-center {
position: absolute; bottom: calc(var(--iad-bottom) + env(safe-area-inset-bottom, 0px) + var(--iad-keyboard));
left: 50%; width: min(438px, calc(100% - 316px)); transform: translateX(-50%);
pointer-events: none;
}
#ivy-article-dock .iad-form { position: relative; height: 48px; margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-field {
position: relative; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 0; min-width: 0; height: 48px;
border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.60); border-radius: 999px;
background: rgba(255,255,255,.34);
box-shadow: inset 0 1px 3px rgba(37,57,76,.05), 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.20);
transition: background-color .18s ease, border-color .18s ease;
}
#ivy-article-dock .iad-field:focus-within {
background: rgba(255,255,255,.56); border-color: rgba(122,95,55,.55);
}
#ivy-article-dock .iad-input {
display: block; flex: 1 1 0%; min-width: 0; width: 0; height: 46px;
padding: 8px 13px; margin: 0; border: 0; border-radius: 999px;
background: transparent; color: var(--iad-ink) !important; caret-color: var(--iad-ink);
font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; box-shadow: none; outline-offset: 2px;
appearance: none; -webkit-appearance: none;
}
#ivy-article-dock .iad-input::placeholder { color: var(--iad-muted); opacity: 1; font-size: 12px; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-submit {
display: grid; place-items: center; flex: 0 0 40px; width: 40px; height: 40px;
padding: 0; margin: 0 2px 0 0; border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.61); border-radius: 999px;
background: rgba(255,255,255,.40); box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(23,42,62,.07), inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.72);
transition: background-color .18s ease, transform .18s ease;
}
#ivy-article-dock .iad-submit svg { width: 17px; height: 17px; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-submit:hover { background: rgba(255,255,255,.75); }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-submit:disabled { cursor: progress; opacity: .65; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-status { color: var(--iad-ink); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.4; }
#ivy-article-dock a:focus-visible, #ivy-article-dock button:focus-visible, #ivy-article-dock input:focus-visible {
outline: 2px solid var(--iad-gold) !important; outline-offset: 3px;
}
#ivy-article-dock[data-near-end="true"] .iad-next { border-color: rgba(135,105,60,.66); }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-sr { position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1px; padding: 0; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; clip: rect(0,0,0,0); white-space: nowrap; border: 0; }
@media (hover: hover) and (pointer: fine) {
#ivy-article-dock .iad-link:hover {
transform: translateY(-3px); border-color: rgba(255,255,255,.98);
box-shadow: 0 21px 45px -12px rgba(19,36,53,.34), 0 7px 16px -8px rgba(19,36,53,.25), inset 0 1px 0 #fff, inset 0 -1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.50);
}
#ivy-article-dock .iad-link:active { transform: translateY(-1px); }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-submit:active { transform: scale(.96); }
}
@media (max-width: 720px) {
#ivy-article-dock { --iad-edge: 8px; --iad-bottom: 12px; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-link { min-width: 44px; width: 44px; min-height: 44px; height: 44px; padding: 10px; border-radius: 50%; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-direction { display: none; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-center { width: calc(100% - 120px); }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-form { height: 44px; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-field { height: 44px; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-input { height: 42px; padding: 9px; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-input::placeholder { font-size: 11px; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-submit { flex-basis: 36px; width: 36px; height: 38px; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-preview { width: min(246px, calc(100vw - 30px)); }
#ivy-article-dock[data-search-focus="true"] .iad-center {
width: calc(100% - max(18px, env(safe-area-inset-left, 0px)) - max(18px, env(safe-area-inset-right, 0px)));
}
#ivy-article-dock[data-search-focus="true"] .iad-link { display: none; }
}
/* Keep comfortable field sizes on touch-first devices, including larger tablets. */
@media (pointer: coarse) and (min-width: 721px) {
#ivy-article-dock .iad-form, #ivy-article-dock .iad-field { height: 48px; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-input { height: 46px; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-submit { height: 40px; flex-basis: 40px; width: 40px; }
}
@media (hover: none) { #ivy-article-dock .iad-preview { display: none; } }
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
#ivy-article-dock * { transition: none !important; animation: none !important; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-link:hover, #ivy-article-dock .iad-submit:active { transform: none; }
}
@supports not ((backdrop-filter: blur(1px)) or (-webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(1px))) {
#ivy-article-dock .iad-surface { background: #eef3f8; }
}
@media (prefers-reduced-transparency: reduce), (prefers-contrast: more) {
#ivy-article-dock .iad-surface { background: #eef3f8; border-color: #8193a5; -webkit-backdrop-filter: none; backdrop-filter: none; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-field { background: #fff; border-color: #8193a5; }
}
@media (forced-colors: active) {
#ivy-article-dock .iad-surface, #ivy-article-dock .iad-field, #ivy-article-dock .iad-submit { background: Canvas; border: 1px solid ButtonText; box-shadow: none; -webkit-backdrop-filter: none; backdrop-filter: none; }
#ivy-article-dock a, #ivy-article-dock button, #ivy-article-dock .iad-input { color: CanvasText !important; text-shadow: none; }
}
@media print { #ivy-article-dock { display: none !important; } }
/* Shown only on the blog index when the search-handoff fallback is needed. */
#ivy-blog-search-handoff { margin: 20px auto; padding: 18px 22px; max-width: 820px; border: 1px solid #b8c4d0; border-radius: 16px; color: #172b40; background: #f3f6f9; font: 16px/1.5 system-ui,sans-serif; }
#ivy-blog-search-handoff p { margin: 0; }
#ivy-blog-search-handoff a { color: #173e65; text-decoration: underline; }
linear-gradient(150deg, rgba(255,255,255,.24), rgba(255,255,255,.05) 48%, rgba(222,235,251,.12)),
var(--iad-glass);
box-shadow: var(--iad-shadow); pointer-events: auto;
-webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(20px) saturate(170%) contrast(.72) brightness(1.12);
backdrop-filter: blur(20px) saturate(170%) contrast(.72) brightness(1.12);
}
#ivy-article-dock .iad-surface::before {
content: ""; position: absolute; inset: 0; border-radius: inherit;
pointer-events: none;
box-shadow: inset 1px 0 0 rgba(255,255,255,.35), inset -1px 0 0 rgba(255,255,255,.18);
}
#ivy-article-dock .iad-link {
position: absolute; bottom: calc(var(--iad-bottom) + env(safe-area-inset-bottom, 0px));
display: inline-flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; gap: 9px;
min-width: 112px; min-height: 48px; height: 48px; padding: 10px 18px;
border-radius: 999px; font-size: 12px; font-weight: 600;
transition: transform .22s ease, box-shadow .22s ease, border-color .18s ease;
}
#ivy-article-dock .iad-prev { left: max(var(--iad-edge), env(safe-area-inset-left, 0px)); }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-next { right: max(var(--iad-edge), env(safe-area-inset-right, 0px)); }
#ivy-article-dock svg { width: 19px; height: 19px; flex: 0 0 auto; display: block; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-preview {
position: absolute; bottom: calc(100% + 11px); width: 260px;
padding: 14px 16px; border-radius: 20px;
/* More frosting for a multi-line headline than for the compact controls. */
--iad-glass: rgba(245,249,255,.80);
opacity: 0; visibility: hidden; pointer-events: none;
transform: translateY(5px); transition: opacity .18s ease, transform .18s ease, visibility .18s ease;
}
#ivy-article-dock .iad-prev .iad-preview { left: 0; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-next .iad-preview { right: 0; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-link:hover .iad-preview,
#ivy-article-dock .iad-link:focus-visible .iad-preview {
opacity: 1; visibility: visible; transform: none;
}
#ivy-article-dock .iad-eyebrow { display: block; color: var(--iad-gold); font-size: 10px; letter-spacing: .06em; margin-bottom: 5px; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-title { display: -webkit-box; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; overflow: hidden; font-size: 14px; font-weight: 550; line-height: 1.4; overflow-wrap: anywhere; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-center {
position: absolute; bottom: calc(var(--iad-bottom) + env(safe-area-inset-bottom, 0px) + var(--iad-keyboard));
left: 50%; width: min(438px, calc(100% - 316px)); transform: translateX(-50%);
pointer-events: none;
}
#ivy-article-dock .iad-form { position: relative; height: 48px; margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-field {
position: relative; display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 0; min-width: 0; height: 48px;
border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.60); border-radius: 999px;
background: rgba(255,255,255,.34);
box-shadow: inset 0 1px 3px rgba(37,57,76,.05), 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.20);
transition: background-color .18s ease, border-color .18s ease;
}
#ivy-article-dock .iad-field:focus-within {
background: rgba(255,255,255,.56); border-color: rgba(122,95,55,.55);
}
#ivy-article-dock .iad-input {
display: block; flex: 1 1 0%; min-width: 0; width: 0; height: 46px;
padding: 8px 13px; margin: 0; border: 0; border-radius: 999px;
background: transparent; color: var(--iad-ink) !important; caret-color: var(--iad-ink);
font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; box-shadow: none; outline-offset: 2px;
appearance: none; -webkit-appearance: none;
}
#ivy-article-dock .iad-input::placeholder { color: var(--iad-muted); opacity: 1; font-size: 12px; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-submit {
display: grid; place-items: center; flex: 0 0 40px; width: 40px; height: 40px;
padding: 0; margin: 0 2px 0 0; border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.61); border-radius: 999px;
background: rgba(255,255,255,.40); box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(23,42,62,.07), inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.72);
transition: background-color .18s ease, transform .18s ease;
}
#ivy-article-dock .iad-submit svg { width: 17px; height: 17px; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-submit:hover { background: rgba(255,255,255,.75); }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-submit:disabled { cursor: progress; opacity: .65; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-status { color: var(--iad-ink); font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.4; }
#ivy-article-dock a:focus-visible, #ivy-article-dock button:focus-visible, #ivy-article-dock input:focus-visible {
outline: 2px solid var(--iad-gold) !important; outline-offset: 3px;
}
#ivy-article-dock[data-near-end="true"] .iad-next { border-color: rgba(135,105,60,.66); }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-sr { position: absolute; width: 1px; height: 1px; padding: 0; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; clip: rect(0,0,0,0); white-space: nowrap; border: 0; }
@media (hover: hover) and (pointer: fine) {
#ivy-article-dock .iad-link:hover {
transform: translateY(-3px); border-color: rgba(255,255,255,.98);
box-shadow: 0 21px 45px -12px rgba(19,36,53,.34), 0 7px 16px -8px rgba(19,36,53,.25), inset 0 1px 0 #fff, inset 0 -1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.50);
}
#ivy-article-dock .iad-link:active { transform: translateY(-1px); }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-submit:active { transform: scale(.96); }
}
@media (max-width: 720px) {
#ivy-article-dock { --iad-edge: 8px; --iad-bottom: 12px; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-link { min-width: 44px; width: 44px; min-height: 44px; height: 44px; padding: 10px; border-radius: 50%; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-direction { display: none; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-center { width: calc(100% - 120px); }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-form { height: 44px; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-field { height: 44px; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-input { height: 42px; padding: 9px; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-input::placeholder { font-size: 11px; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-submit { flex-basis: 36px; width: 36px; height: 38px; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-preview { width: min(246px, calc(100vw - 30px)); }
#ivy-article-dock[data-search-focus="true"] .iad-center {
width: calc(100% - max(18px, env(safe-area-inset-left, 0px)) - max(18px, env(safe-area-inset-right, 0px)));
}
#ivy-article-dock[data-search-focus="true"] .iad-link { display: none; }
}
/* Keep comfortable field sizes on touch-first devices, including larger tablets. */
@media (pointer: coarse) and (min-width: 721px) {
#ivy-article-dock .iad-form, #ivy-article-dock .iad-field { height: 48px; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-input { height: 46px; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-submit { height: 40px; flex-basis: 40px; width: 40px; }
}
@media (hover: none) { #ivy-article-dock .iad-preview { display: none; } }
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
#ivy-article-dock * { transition: none !important; animation: none !important; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-link:hover, #ivy-article-dock .iad-submit:active { transform: none; }
}
@supports not ((backdrop-filter: blur(1px)) or (-webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(1px))) {
#ivy-article-dock .iad-surface { background: #eef3f8; }
}
@media (prefers-reduced-transparency: reduce), (prefers-contrast: more) {
#ivy-article-dock .iad-surface { background: #eef3f8; border-color: #8193a5; -webkit-backdrop-filter: none; backdrop-filter: none; }
#ivy-article-dock .iad-field { background: #fff; border-color: #8193a5; }
}
@media (forced-colors: active) {
#ivy-article-dock .iad-surface, #ivy-article-dock .iad-field, #ivy-article-dock .iad-submit { background: Canvas; border: 1px solid ButtonText; box-shadow: none; -webkit-backdrop-filter: none; backdrop-filter: none; }
#ivy-article-dock a, #ivy-article-dock button, #ivy-article-dock .iad-input { color: CanvasText !important; text-shadow: none; }
}
@media print { #ivy-article-dock { display: none !important; } }
/* Shown only on the blog index when the search-handoff fallback is needed. */
#ivy-blog-search-handoff { margin: 20px auto; padding: 18px 22px; max-width: 820px; border: 1px solid #b8c4d0; border-radius: 16px; color: #172b40; background: #f3f6f9; font: 16px/1.5 system-ui,sans-serif; }
#ivy-blog-search-handoff p { margin: 0; }
#ivy-blog-search-handoff a { color: #173e65; text-decoration: underline; }
sconnect(); bodyObserver?.disconnect(); delete window[GLOBAL];
}
window[GLOBAL] = { version: '3.0.0', refresh, destroy };
for (const name of ['mercury:load', 'sqs:page-view', 'sqs:after-page-load']) document.addEventListener(name, refresh, { signal: appAbort.signal });
for (const name of ['popstate', 'pageshow', 'load']) window.addEventListener(name, refresh, { signal: appAbort.signal });
if (document.readyState === 'loading') document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', start, { once: true, signal: appAbort.signal }); else start();
})();